Introduction to Biochemistry - End of session 3.1, 3.2 assessment

Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 Inorganic phosphate, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP are reactants
2 Water molecule, 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 Protons H+ and 2 NADH are products.

First, glucose is phosphorylated into Glucose-6-Phosphate
Second, Glucose-6-Phosphate is isomerized into Frutose-6-Phosphate
Third, Frutose-6-Phosphate is further phosphorylated into Frutose-1,6-Bisphosphate
Fourth, the unstable Frutose-1,6-Bisphosphate is broken down into Dihydroxylacetonephosphate and Glyeraldehyde-3-Phosphate.
Fifth, the Dihydroxylacetonephosphate is isomerized into Glyeraldehyde-3-Phosphate

A pyruvate is a ketone and a carboxylate acid, with hydrogen disassociated in physiological pH.

It is too expensive to create PEP, therefore
It would not be replenished, because few phosphate groups have a higher free energy of hydrolysis in the cell.

In glycolysis, glucose is broken down to two molecule of pyruvate. In aerobic organism, this molecule can be completely oxidized to form carbon dioxide, but without oxygen, In baker's yeast, ethanol is formed. This is necessary to regenerate NAD+ that is expended during glycolysis.

They need to be very small to squeeze through capillaries.
By eliminating their mitochondria, they do not use oxygen for oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycolysis culminates in the production of pyruvate, which is converted to lactate and exported to the bloodstream, where is enters the liver and is converted to glucose, which can be exported back into the bloodstream.

I thought it is 6-phosphogluconate, but the answer is NADPH, they are both in the pathway of removing reactive oxygen species.

I googled a bit, reactive oxygen species are really bad thing like peroxides. So glutathione is really good stuff :)

With one glucose, normally it consume 2 ATP and generate 4 ATP, with a single glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate entered the shunt and skipped 1 ATP production, it generates 3 ATP now. So the net gain in ATP is 1 ATP.

The binding of one oxygen molecule to a hemoglobin subunit increases the affinity of other subunits for oxygen. That explain why affinity increase as the binding goes.

This is just reading graph, curve A is lung and curve B is vein. The answers are 90 and 50.

Increased 2,3 BPG decreases oxygen binding, therefore
Decreased 2,3 BPG increase oxygen binding, reduce oxygen release to tissue.

At high altitude, the tissue needs more oxygen, therefore it will correspond to increased 2,3 BPG.

Therefore the first answer is Moving from Quito (~2800 meters above sea level) to New Orleans (~0 meters above sea level)

The not so obvious are the others:

If one receive oxygen therapy, one has a lot of oxygen in the blood. The tissue do not need that much, so the person would have decreased 2,3 BPG level so that the oxygen stays with hemoglobin.

If one has a chronic lung illness, one has less oxygen. The tissue needs more oxygen, the reverse happen.

If one do aerobic exercise training, one's tissue need more oxygen, the reverse happens.

Therefore the second answer is "Receiving long term oxygen therapy due to chronic lung disease, such as emphysema"