In order for ATP to be useful, it has to be that
ATP is readily synthesized from higher-energy molecule by substrate level phosphorylation, and
ATP phosphorylates many other molecules that have a lower free energy of hydrolysis.
The first is obviously, we need to be able to create ATP.
The second means it has to be high energy enough to drive many other reactions.
They are catalyzed by the same enzyme, and they share some of the same product and reactant. Note that if they share all of the same product and reactants, they are basically the same reaction, not coupled.
The first enzyme is pyruvatedecarboxylase, the next is alcohol dehydrogenase.
It is easy to remember because the first reaction is the removal of the carboxylate group from the pyruvate.
The final step of lactate fermentation. The input is pyruvate, and the output is lactate. Lactate is the reduction of the ketone group to an hydroxyl group. It is easy to remember because lactate is lactic acid, the carboxylate group stays.
To regenerate NAD+ to support continued glycolysis.
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